According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), also known as temporomandibular disorders (TMD), are the most common source of chronic facial pain and jaw dysfunction. It is estimated that more than 10 million people in the United States are affected by TMJ problems.

What is the Temporomandibular Joint?

The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) connect the lower jaw to the temporal bone on both sides of the head. These joints, along with associated muscles, ligaments, and tendons, facilitate all jaw movements, including up and down, front to back, and side to side. A shock-absorbing disc sits between the condyles of the lower jaw and the temporal bone, enabling functions such as chewing, speaking, and yawning.

Due to its complex movements, the TMJ is one of the most complicated joints in the body and challenging to treat when problems arise.

Types and Symptoms of TMJ Disorders

TMJ disorders fall into three categories:

Myofascial Pain: Pain in the jaw joint area due to increased muscle tension and spasm.

Internal Derangement: Displacement of the disc, jaw dislocation, or trauma to the jaw condyles.

Degenerative Joint Disease: Arthritis.

Risk factors for TMJ problems include long-term teeth grinding (bruxism), jaw injury, and arthritis (rheumatoid and osteoarthritis). Symptoms vary widely, including:

• Earaches

• Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

• Headaches

• Back and neck pain

• Vertigo

• Muscle spasms

• Joint tenderness

• Jaw pain

• Popping or grating sounds with jaw movement

• Jaw locking

• Limited jaw movement

For some, TMJ disorders may resolve quickly, while others experience persistent issues despite therapy.

Diagnosis and Treatment

To diagnose TMJ disorders, a dentist performs a thorough clinical assessment of joint symptoms and function. Radiographic imaging and other diagnostic tests may be ordered. Treatment options include:

• Oral Appliances: Night guards or stabilization splints to reduce joint strain.

• Steroid Injections: To alleviate inflammation.

• Occlusal Adjustments: To improve bite alignment.

• Orthodontic/Prosthodontic Treatment: To enhance occlusion.

• Surgery: For persistent and serious TMJ problems.

Self-Care and Management

Self-care methods can help alleviate TMJ disorder symptoms:

• Diet: Eat soft foods and avoid extreme jaw movements such as wide yawning and gum chewing.

• Stress Reduction: Practice relaxation techniques.

• Thermal Therapy: Apply ice packs or moist heat as directed.

Exercises: Follow dentist or therapist instructions.